Over / Above / On top of

Over, above or on top of?

Over (covering something)

"Keep the towel over your shoulders.

Above( at a higher level)

"The plane flew above the clouds.

We can use either over and above to mean` vertically at a higher level`:

"A helicopter was above/over the ship.

If we refer to two birds on a tree, we say that one bird is above the other bird ( we are concerned with a higher level , but not vertical). We cannot use over.

We use both over and above to refer to rank:

"A general is over/above a lieutenant.

On top of ( touching):

"Put the dictionary on top of the shelf.

Under ( covered by), underneath (completely covered by)

"Put a mat under/underneath the coffee pot.

Below is the opposite of above. It refers to position.

"The water was just below my knees.

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